Medicine in Ancient Egypt as seen by the Archaeological Evidence of Pap

The Ancient Egyptian civilization’s improvement revolved around the rich, green and fruitful Nile stream. Incredibly, they precisely anticipated Nile floods to create surplus yields and permit the development of society and culture. In the North of Africa, Egyptians thrived until 525 BC. The grounds were governed by ground-breaking pharaohs who gave strength and control to their kin. The Egyptians consistently lives revolved around a detailed arrangement of strict and otherworldly convictions. In tribute to their strict convictions, pharaohs and divine beings, the Egyptians assembled amazing landmarks that frequently included enhancement and pictographs that were symbolizations of their otherworldliness. The astonishing design and the riddle to how they constructed these massive structures is one of the most interesting issues of the old world. In any case, the part of society and culture likewise motivate people to pose inquiries about how the Ancient Egyptians approached the ir regular day to day existences, and how they figured out how to grow such an acculturated method of living. The delineations that decorated burial chambers, and landmarks all around Egypt included understanding into the lives of the Ancients. Alongside the advancement of composing, the portrayal of compelling use in medication got obvious. â€Å"Medicine was perhaps the most established calling in the Nile valley.†(White 1970) Their clinical practices were exceptionally best in class for their time and incorporated a few specialists and clinical practioners. Clinical consideration was given by laborers who made a case for explicit title, for example, a specailist in creature chomps. Or then again patients would turn to customary fixes passed on all through generations.(Donadoni 1990) Doctoral specialization was evidently identified with the fields of mastery and included specialists, general pr... ...nderstanding of human life structures. The Kahun Gynecological papyrus was the first to recognize the female life systems exclusively. People of yore had the option to recognize pregnancy, just as how to forestall pregnancy. The Kahun papyrus additionally remembered a short segment for veterinary medication which shows their degree of comprehension of creatures life systems too. The Hearst papyrus is made out of a few general clinical issues and how to treat them. At long last, the Berlin papyrus is comprised of a few segments including : general medicines and findings, gynecological remedies, and an enormous bit devoted to spells and enchantment. In general, as appeared by the five papyri the Ancient Egyptians had a very socialized way of diagnosing and rewarding regular aliments of their time. Their amazing information human as well as creature life systems permitted them to effectively treat patients. Medication in Ancient Egypt as observed by the Archeological Evidence of Pap The Ancient Egyptian civilization’s advancement revolved around the rich, green and prolific Nile stream. Amazingly, they precisely anticipated Nile floods to deliver surplus yields and permit the development of society and culture. In the North of Africa, Egyptians thrived until 525 BC. The grounds were controlled by ground-breaking pharaohs who gave strength and control to their kin. The Egyptians consistently lives revolved around a detailed arrangement of strict and profound convictions. In tribute to their strict convictions, pharaohs and divine beings, the Egyptians constructed stunning landmarks that regularly included beautification and pictographs that were symbolizations of their otherworldliness. The astounding engineering and the puzzle to how they constructed these massive structures is one of the most interesting issues of the antiquated world. In any case, the part of society and culture additionally rouse people to pose inquiries about how the Ancient Egyptians approached their regular day to day existences, and how they figured out how to grow such an enlightened method of living. The outlines that embellished burial chambers, and landmarks all around Egypt included understanding into the lives of the Ancients. Alongside the improvement of composing, the portrayal of viable use in medication got clear. â€Å"Medicine was perhaps the most seasoned calling in the Nile valley.†(White 1970) Their clinical practices were exceptionally best in class for their time and incorporated a few specialists and clinical practioners. Clinical consideration was given by laborers who made a case for explicit title, for example, a specailist in creature nibbles. Or on the other hand patients would fall back on conventional fixes passed on all through generations.(Donadoni 1990) Doctoral specialization was clearly identified with the fields of ability and included specialists, general pr... ...nderstanding of human life systems. The Kahun Gynecological papyrus was the first to recognize the female life systems exclusively. People of old had the option to distinguish pregnancy, just as how to forestall pregnancy. The Kahun papyrus likewise remembered a short segment for veterinary medication which shows their degree of comprehension of creatures life structures also. The Hearst papyrus is made out of a few general clinical issues and how to treat them. At last, the Berlin papyrus is comprised of a few areas including : general medicines and conclusions, gynecological remedies, and an enormous part committed to spells and enchantment. Generally speaking, as appeared by the five papyri the Ancient Egyptians had a very acculturated way of diagnosing and rewarding normal aliments of their time. Their fantastic information human as well as creature life systems permitted them to effectively treat patients. Medication in Ancient Egypt as observed by the Archeological Evidence of Pap The Ancient Egyptian civilization’s improvement revolved around the extravagant, green and ripe Nile waterway. Amazingly, they precisely anticipated Nile floods to deliver surplus harvests and permit the development of society and culture. In the North of Africa, Egyptians prospered until 525 BC. The terrains were administered by incredible pharaohs who gave predominance and control to their kin. The Egyptians consistently lives revolved around an intricate arrangement of strict and profound convictions. In tribute to their strict convictions, pharaohs and divine beings, the Egyptians manufactured amazing landmarks that regularly included enhancement and pictographs that were symbolizations of their otherworldliness. The astounding design and the secret to how they fabricated these massive structures is one of the most charming issues of the antiquated world. Be that as it may, the part of society and culture likewise move people to pose inquiries about how the Ancient Egyptia ns approached their regular daily existences, and how they figured out how to grow such a cultivated method of living. The outlines that decorated burial chambers, and landmarks all around Egypt included understanding into the lives of the Ancients. Alongside the improvement of composing, the delineation of compelling use in medication got clear. â€Å"Medicine was probably the most seasoned calling in the Nile valley.†(White 1970) Their clinical practices were exceptionally cutting-edge for their time and incorporated a few specialists and clinical practioners. Clinical consideration was given by laborers who made a case for explicit title, for example, a specailist in creature nibbles. Or then again patients would turn to conventional fixes passed on all through generations.(Donadoni 1990) Doctoral specialization was evidently identified with the fields of ability and included specialists, general pr... ...nderstanding of human life structures. The Kahun Gynecological papyrus was the first to recognize the female life systems exclusively. People of yore had the option to recognize pregnancy, just as how to forestall pregnancy. The Kahun papyrus additionally remembered a short segment for veterinary medication which shows their degree of comprehension of creatures life structures also. The Hearst papyrus is made out of a few general clinical issues and how to treat them. At long last, the Berlin papyrus is comprised of a few segments including : general medicines and analyses, gynecological remedies, and a huge bit devoted to spells and enchantment. Generally speaking, as appeared by the five papyri the Ancient Egyptians had a very humanized way of diagnosing and rewarding regular aliments of their time. Their unfathomable information human as well as creature life systems permitted them to effectively treat patients.

The Travels Of Marco Polo By Marco Polo (approx. 1254 - 1324) Essays

The Travels of Marco Polo by Marco Polo (approx. 1254 - 1324) The Travels of Marco Polo by Marco Polo (approx. 1254 - 1324) (as advised to Rusticiano da Pisa and altered by Francis R, Gemma; initially titled A DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD) Kind of Work: Self-portraying experience Settings Venice, Italy and overland to Eastern China (Cathay) Chief Characters Marco Polo, a youthful aristocrat, voyaging dealer and traveler Niccolo Polo, Marco's dad, likewise a dealer Maffeo Polo, Niccolo's sibling and business accomplice Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, descendent of Ghenghis Khan Verifiable Overview Preamble: (The book contains the story of Marco Polo's life and his movements from his home in Venice, Italy over Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia to the court of Khan, found in the zone presently known as Beijing, China. Marco was highly enjoyed by the Emperor, who made him his envoy. The pioneer portrays his numerous undertakings during his 26-year nonappearance from home. A presentation diagrams the historical occasions (every that he himself by and by saw or heard tell by people deserving of confidence), and sets us on our way with Marco on the way to China.) Two affluent Venetian noble man shippers, Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, cruised eastbound from Venice around 1254, leaving Niccolo's newborn child, Marco, under the watchful eye of his auntie. The voyagers ventured to the extent the court of the extraordinary sovereign Kublai Khan, where they became exceptionally preferred. Subsequent to finding out a little about the outlandish Catholic religion of his visitors, the Khan dispatched emissaries to come back with them to Italy to meet with the Pope. His longing was that the Pope ought to loan the administrations of upwards of a hundred researchers to go to his court and demonstrate that the Law of Christ was generally pleasant. If they succeeded, he promised that he and every one of his subjects would become Christians. The Polos cruised into Acre, Italy in April of 1269, to the news that Pope Clement had passed on. At that point the siblings ventured on to Venice to anticipate the blessing of another pope. In any case, following quite a long while they felt worn out on of pausing and started to advance again to Kubtai's court, this time joined by youthful Marco. Again in Acre, after some backtracking, the three at last got together with the recently named Pope Gregory of Piacenza. He hesitantly consented to help out the Khan's bonus, however sent just two ministers to go with them. Be that as it may, these ministers before long became debilitated. Reluctant either to persevere through the privations the excursion would require or to forfeit their lives in the administration of agnostics, both in the long run turned around. Book-by-Book Summary Book I contains Marco's depictions of his three-and-a-half year excursion to Kublai's court. It is an entrancing account, with clear versions not just of topography, regular marvels and voyaging separations what's more, conditions, however of accounts, food readiness and creation, exchange, strict practices, and customs and oral conventions among the numerous clans furthermore, human advancements they experienced. Book II recounts life in the court of Kublai Khan. The individual of the Khan is fondly definite: He is of a decent height, neither tall nor short, however of a center tallness. He has a turning out to be sum of substance, and is shapely in the entirety of his appendages. His appearance is white what's more, red, the eyes dark and fine, the nose all around shaped and very much set on. The Khan's castles, his huge court, his legislature and armed forces are delineated. A record is given of a fight drove by extraordinary Khan himself. The story reports that when all were in fight cluster [one could hear] a sound emerge of numerous instruments of different music, and of the voices of the entire of the two has boisterously singing. For this is the custom of the Tartars.. . Depictions of court undertakings, for example, the checking of the schedule, and the festival of thousands of celebrations what's more, chasing trips, are expressively recorded. Record-keeping was significant to the Chinese. Every family unit kept close to the front entryway a rundown of the names of all the home's occupants, and the guardians of hostelries were required to record the names everything being equal and the dates of their visits. Certain parts relate a portion of the wondrous creations Marco saw while serving the Khan. He composes of such wonders as paper cash, an arrangement of express couriers, fine expressway frameworks (remainders of which are still set up), and a dark stone (coal) utilized for fuel. For these marvels Marco gives full credit to the Incomparable Khan, whom he never feels worn out on commending for his insight, influence, riches and expertise. Presently familiar with four distinct dialects, Marco turned into an important diplomat for the Emperor. Book 11 closures with brief depictions of his different missions. Book III describes in

Write a #FavTeacher Haiku and You May Win an EasyBib Pro Subscription (May 14th Deadline)

Write a #FavTeacher Haiku and You May Win an EasyBib Pro Subscription (May 14th Deadline) (0) With the school year coming to a close, many of us have one thing on our minds: summer fun and sun! Before you break out that sunblock, there’s one thing left to do: Thank your teachers for their dedication and getting you through the school year! National Teacher Appreciation Week this year is May 8-12. It’s your chance to join the many students, administrators, parents, and local and national businesses to say thank you to America’s educators. Show your favorite teacher how much you care on Twitter, and you could win a 5-year subscription to EasyBib Pro. To enter, simply: Write a haiku (3 lines of 5 syllables, 7 syllables, 5 syllables) about your favorite teacher. Post it on Twitter and include the hashtag #faveteacher and follow EasyBib so we can message you if you win. You can enter from May 8th-May 14th, 2017. Official Rules can be found here. For example: English came alive You brought fun, drama, passion! Thank you Mrs. Fox #favteacher #EasyBib Ideas for Showing Appreciation in Class Giving your teachers props shouldn’t only happen once a year. Wondering what you can do to show your favorite educator that you appreciate them? There are many simple and affordable ways to say thanks. You could donate a hardcover book to the school library and dedicate it to your favorite teacher. Educators also love small gifts that they can enjoy at school or at home. Small candles, fun or funky pens, stress balls, bookmarks, coffee mugs, and stationery sets are reasonably inexpensive gifts. A single flower with a spoken, heartfelt thanks is a kind gesture. Looking to spend a bit more on that favorite educator who truly inspired you? A small gift card to the local bookstore or coffee shop is an extremely thoughtful present. If you’re short on funds, see if other classmates are willing to pitch in for a group gift. The best gift of all? A handwritten note that says thanks. Throw in a blurb about a lesson or unit that resonated with you the most. Your teacher will appreciate the time and effort you took to write such a meaningful note. They may even hold onto this memento for years to come!

Persepolis The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi

Persepolis The book Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood Summary written by Marjane Satrapi is about a girl who describes her upbringing and life in her country, Iran. She enlightens us about the two main revolutions, the overthrowing of the Shah and the institution of the Islamic regime. Shah ruled with an iron fist who was helped by the British who saw nothing but the benefits and profits they stood to make. In a way we gain perspective about some of the misconceptions that are shown by the media about the Middle Eastern culture, religion, and beliefs. First off, Marjane was born during a time of war for her country, the Islamic Revolution. She was born into an upper middle class family. Both of her parents opposed Shah and constantly protested on a daily basis. Shah happened to be the last Qajar emperor of the country Iran. Many of Marjane’s family were known as communists and often jailed, held as a prisoner, or executed for their political beliefs and thoughts. The protests against Shah continuously grow and his rule becomes impossible! Shah eventually resigns to leave the country of Iran to join the oil industry in the United States. When shah steps down, most of the political prisoners are releases. Marjane discovers that her uncle who is also her hero helped declare independence from Shah. Her family grew courage and were enthusiastic about the overthrow of Shah. These events were often traumatizing to her and which is ultimately what led her to rebel againstShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Persepolis : The Story Of A Childhood By Marjane Satrapi758 Words   |  4 PagesIn light of the analysis of the graphic novel of Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi, it is clear that events portrayed in the novel represent the tribulations and tragedies that various citizens of Iran experienced upon the downfall of Reza Shah, the Islamic Revolution, and the Iran-Iraq War. In terms of plot, the story is told through the memoirs of upper middle class Tehra n female citizen, Marjane Satrapi aka â€Å"Marji†, as she recounts her perceptions and views of the overthrowRead MorePersepolis Reflection Paper1578 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi the class discussed many topics. As a group, we began by talking about the genre of the graphic novel. The artistic style and technique used by Satrapi was addressed specifically. I mentioned that I appreciated the mono color, by using black and white it effected the readers by making the text more serious. Another comment was added; the use of minimal color was effective. Another main topic discussed was the characterization of Marjane Satrapi. One classmateRead MorePoint Of View In Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi1498 Words   |  6 Pageswriting. Marjane Satrapi utilizes the impact that point of view has in her graphic novel Persepolis. 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When analyzing the current relationshipRead MorePersepolis : The Story Of A Childhood1164 Words   |  5 Pagessituation. In the autobiographical graphic novel, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi, readers are able to focus on the honesty and emotion of stories to capture their own opinion on Iranians rather than previous assumptions. During the time of the novel, Marjane weaves through childhood in an environment that is full of war and political conflict. Slowly Iran turns into a physical and mental prison, and, like many other Iranians, Marjane struggles between finding herself and absorbingRead MorePersepolis1300 Words   |  6 PagesHas Many Meanings Persepolis is a story that is illustrated in black and white. The author, Marjane Satrapi, uses many visual techniques throughout the story to draw in the reader and develop the storyline. One of these visual techniques is that she chooses to use the color of the characters’ clothing as a representation of how they feel towards the revolution. The characters are shown wearing black, white, or a mixed black and white pattern. The characters in Persepolis are drawn with whiteRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Depictions Of How She Lost Her Innocence1613 Words   |  7 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s Depictions of How She Lost Her Innocence Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi is a graphic memoir in which she shares her experiences growing up in Iran through her illustrations and captions. The majority of the memoir consists of Satrapi s childhood being spent observing the overthrowing of the Shah’s regime, the triumph of the Islamic Revolution, and the disastrous effects of the war with Iraq. She later spends her years in Vienna, but eventually, returns to her homeland as an adultRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1425 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades of research in the research field of political socialization has traced an individual’s ideology to childhood. Political socialization, the process by which an individual attains their political attitudes and values, argues that a number of agents, primarily family influences ideological development (Burnham). In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic autobiographical novel Persepolis, Satrapi affirms the notions of political socialization, specifically the importance of family as the primary agent ofRead MorePersepolis Assignment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Satrapi states in the introduction of the 2004 Pantheon version of The Complete Persepolis that Iran, an â€Å"old and great civilization[,] has been discussed mostly in connection with fundamentalism, fanaticism, and terrorism.† She expresses that, â€Å"as an Iranian who has lived more than half of [her] life in Iran, [she] know[s] that this image is far from the truth. This is why writing Persepolis was so important to [her]. [She] believe[s] that an entire nation should not be judged by the wrongdoingsRead MorePersepolis Marxism Analysis1133 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Consumerism in Persepolis The Complete Persepolis, an autobiographical novel by Marjane Satrapi, tells the tale of Marjane’s childhood in Iran. In this story, Marjane (Marji) is brought up by communistic parents. Evidence of this Marxist upbringing is displayed several times throughout the book, like early on in the story when young Marji exclaims that â€Å"it was funny to see how much Marx and God looked like each other† (13). The audience can analyze Persepolis through a Marxist lens to

Comparison Of Thomas Jefferson And Abraham Lincoln

America has many ideas, people, and values to which it can attribute its greatness. Every single person that has ever been born in this great country has impacted the United States in countless ways. Anyone who is fortunate enough to live the life that Americans get to live, are given the chance to create, change, or continue the legacy of America. When we think about who created the United States, we have to think about some of our forefathers. Included in those powerful people, are Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. Jefferson did his part and then some for creating a nation on the path to greatness. Obviously, one of the big ideas that he had, was the Bill of Rights. Jefferson made sure that the citizens of this soon to be wonderful†¦show more content†¦Dr. King’s actions display an example of a man putting social justice before his own life. Dwight D. Eisenhower is an example of an individual that truly has willpower. He led an army of nearly 160,000 Allied troops into Europe. If it wasn’t for Ike’s leadership, the troops would have never gotten to shore, and all of Europe, possibly the world, would have been lost to the Nazi’s. Not only did Ike create great military change, but he also created great inventive change. The idea of the interstate highway helped millions of people across the country. When they were finally built, people could easily ship goods and services. Both of these individuals displayed valuable acts of courage and conviction. People born in America have a lot to live up to. Our ancestors, forefathers, and military men and women worked far too long, and far too much to have our wonderful nation crumble. Our forefathers dreams were to have you and me use our brains to our absolute full potential. Yes, our ancestors have worked countless hours to have us get the rights we want and deserve. But no, that does not give anyone the free pass to be lazy. These examples of courage should want to make us work harder. Even young people are working to continue this country’s legacy. Every day in school, they learn how hard those before us have worked. Boy scouts take the time to work hard and represent good values. Churches have volunteer groups that go on mission trips to help the lessShow MoreRelatedMount Rushmore National Memorial: A Shrine of Democracy Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesDoane Robinson called in Gutzon Borglum. When South Dakota became a new state, Robinson wanted to create a monument on Stone Mountain to attract tourists. Gutzon Borglum, with the help of his son Lincoln Borglum, immediately knew what and who they wanted to carve; he proposed George Washington and Abraham Lincoln because he wanted those presidents to be remembered and honored. He incorporated methods on how to work with dynamite and pneumatic hammers. Dynamite was used to get the desired measurementsRead MoreThe Effects Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1633 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom daily life or to write things that are important to them, me being included in that number.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Example: Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence In The Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson uses the facts and opinions of Americans of the time to challenge the authority of Great Britain and convey the urgency of breaking away and becoming independent. When Jefferson states â€Å"To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.†, he appeals to the audience logically by givingRead MoreEssay Comparing the Gettysburg Address and Ginsbergs America1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthis. They created two important works. The first, Abraham Lincoln; a great leader in the midst of an incredible time of change and confusion, delivered the Gettysburg Address to an assembly that came to him saddened and horrified by the trials of war. These same people left, changed, that day from the cemetery. The other, Allen Ginsberg, wrote the poem America for a generation of people caught between World War II and the Cold War. The comparison between these two works is important for learningRead MoreDeclaration of Independence and Let ter from Birmingham Jail Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. are two American men who were key leaders during very controversial periods in U.S. history, and they were instrumental in movements that forever changed American society. Although their generations, cultures, backgrounds, and motives were quite different, their cause was relatively the same. It was a cause that stood against injustice, oppression, and sought the freedom of all men. Their beliefs and struggles were evident in their writings. Two of theRead MoreHistorical Anyalysis Essay2125 Words   |  9 Pagesthe time. It only seems inevitable now because we cant imagine America being any different than it is today. Ellis also points out the significance of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton and their role in the founding generation. Chapters 2 and 6 we really get a feel as to who these people are. In The Dinner we learn about Thomas Jefferson who seems to be the brains be hind the declaration of independence, although Ellis depicts him as not knowing much about the present issues of the time.Read MoreThe American Of The British Empire Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Governor of Massachusetts Thomas Hutchinson refused, Samuel Adams a loyalist leader organized the tea party with about 60 members of the Sons of Liberty. They got into disguise and banned the ships. They then invaded them and emptied out the chests of tea into the deep sea. The British tea that dumped in the Boston Harbor on the night of December 16 was estimated to value about $18,000. The United States Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson who is also known as being theRead MoreThe Changing Attitudes Toward Abraham Lincoln3932 Words   |  16 PagesCrider HIS 460 23 April 2015 The Changing Attitudes toward Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States of America, which was established in 1861 as a rebellion to the election of Abraham Lincoln, once stated that, â€Å"Next to the destruction of the Confederacy, the death of Abraham Lincoln was the darkest day the South has ever known.† In an interview with Alexander McClure in 1875, ten years after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, Davis expressed his realization that Lincoln’sRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr1689 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Junior is often known as the leader of African American civil rights in the United States. His infamous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech brought a crowd of over two hundred and fifty thousand people to the steps and lake of the Lincoln Monument in Washington D.C. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. led a protest in Birmingham, Alabama that focused on the unfair treatment and the segregation of African Americans. The court ruled that he was n ot allowed to hold protests. Therefore, he was arrestedRead MoreGeorge Washington Vs. Martin Luther King Jr.1946 Words   |  8 PagesGeorge Washington or Thomas Jefferson, or leaders of worthwhile cause such as Susan B. Anthony or Martin Luther King Jr., these leaders provide a blueprint that if examined carefully, can provide useful advice for those aspiring to become great leaders. And for Donald T. Phillips, the American leader whose life â€Å"still inspires and moves people from all walks of life† and provides an example of leadership that is without equal is Abraham Lincoln (Phillips). In his book Lincoln on Leadership: ExecutiveRead MoreLetters to Birmingham Analysis1728 Words   |  7 PagesOver the course of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (1963), the author, Martin Luther King Jr., makes extended allusions to multiple philosophers, among them Aquinas and Socrates. His comparison would seem to indicate that he shares an affinity with them. However, the c larity with which he makes his arguments and the dedication to a single premise strikes most strongly of Kant. Just as Kant’s magnum opus, Critique of Pure Reason, attempted to completely upend a previously accepted mode of thought, so

Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision Free Essays

string(139) " labors and resources in order to save money, to communicate to the stakeholders and to gain others’ loyalty in order to be sustainable\." Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision? Generally, ethic is similar to moral value that regulates the behavior of people and we use ethic to justify what is right and wrong. Business Ethic is therefore the standard to justify what is good or bad in making a business decision or in running a business (Geer, 1994). Business ethic is relevant to both conducts of individuals and business organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the enterprises just simple ignore the business ethics and run the business practically as profit was the sole target for them. Ethical action may not be practical to a business, while practical action may not be ethical to others. It constitutes an ethical dilemma. A manager should therefore strike a balance between â€Å"ethical† and â€Å"practical† before making a decision. In this paper, I will explore approaches to address ethical dilemma and what aspects will be considered before making an ethical business decision. I will use the tourism industry as an example to examine that can an enterprise only focus on business ethic or the profit and whether or not the business ethics are the key element for it to consider before making decision. I will examine both the positive correlation and negative correlation and draw a conclusion at last. We always wonder what are our ethical standards base on and how can we apply those standard to different circumstances. Many ethicists and philosophers have suggested several approaches to address ethical dilemma. The most common three approaches suggested are the utilitarian approach, moral right approach, justice approach (Velasquez, Moberg, Meyer, Shanks, McLean, DeCosse, Andre, Hanson, 2009). Utilitarian approach is to make a decision base on ethical action that can maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people. It deals with consequences and emphasizes the result of a decision. According to the definition, ethical business action is an action that benefits the stakeholders, the community, and the environment most. However, it is difficult to find out what is good due to changing characters and behaviors (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks, Meyer, 2010) and people may not always have the same view on what is a good and what is harm. The moral right approach is based on human nature that people can decide what they want to do on their own. They have the right of free consent, the right to privacy, the right of freedom of conscience, the right of free speech, the right to due process and the right to life and safety (BrowneM. Neil Browne (Author)†º Visit Amazon’s M. Neil Browne PageFind all the books, read about the author, and moreSee search results for this authorAre you an author? Learn about Author Central , Giampetro-Meyer, Williamson,2003). According to this approach, ethical action is the best action to protect and respect the stakeholders’ moral right. Right also imply duty, base on this approach people also have duty to respect others’ rights. However, we cannot ensure that the companies maintain the ethical standards depend on their highest value priority. The justice approach bases on the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle that all equals should be treated equally. According to this approach, the ethical actions treat all people equally or fairly based on a standard which is defensible (Conroy, 2010). Favoritism and discrimination are therefore unjust and wrong. However, this approach may not have adequately accounts for the rights and needs of everyone affected and it is difficult to see if the decision is based on a defensible standard or an imbalance of power (Yuter, 2008). All approaches mentioned above help us to address ethical dilemma and to know what we do can be considered as ethical. Although, it is difficult to putting the approaches together as they explain what is â€Å"ethical† in different ways, they give us some information to determine what is ethical in different circumstance. The majority of business decisions contain ethical issues, we only have to decide how to fit the issues into the business actions and weigh how much they should be considered (Cadbury, 2002). We should have the ability to determine ethical issues and then weigh the consideration that should influence our business action in order to make a good decision (Velasquez, Moberg, Meyer, Shanks, McLean, DeCosse, Andre, Hanson, 2009). There are five elements enterprises used to think of before evaluating a decision. They are profit, fairness, reputation, community care and sustainability. Profit generally means economic profit, that is, the difference between the total revenue and the total cost (both explicit and implicit) of an enterprise. As assumed in economics, everyone is self-interested and they tend to maximize their profit to achieve profit maximization. Profit is important in business world, especially in profit-making company as profit and money give motivation for business to survive (Williams, 2010). It therefore is an essential element being considered when making business decision. Fairness and reputation is another two elements. Fairness is the mechanism of how we achieve the ideas of just, equal, good, ethical or moral (Bothamley, 1993). Reputation is the feeling or opinion of other people towards an enterprise. It can be defined as the result of what you do, what you say, and what other people say about you. When a company’s reputation for honesty or safety is damaged, it may cause serious impact on the business (Burkhardt, 2008). Community Care will be considered as an element for making business decision also. Community Care is a firm’s obligation as a moral agent extends beyond its legal and economic obligations, to the pursuit of long-term goals are good for society. Assumed that all businesses obey law and pursue economic interest, community care is done voluntarily, but not what it must do by law or they choose to do because of economic sense (Besser, 2002). Sustainability is the capacity that an enterprise can endure or survive in the market. It is about the doing business better, working with others and staying in business in long run. The enterprise should use division of labors and resources in order to save money, to communicate to the stakeholders and to gain others’ loyalty in order to be sustainable. You read "Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision?" in category "Essay examples" Enterprises should consider these five aspects with the approaches mentioned before making business decision. For example, if an enterprise wants to make profit ethically, it should focus more on the fairness when it makes decisions. Take the Hong Kong tourism industry as an example. In March this year, a Hong Kong tour guide of Win’s Travel Agency discontented with the insufficient shopping amount of the tourists. She threatened the mainland tourists that if they did not go shopping, she would not let them to eat and did not provide hotel to them for accommodation. She used unethical method to force tourist to shop in order to earn more. A tourist recorded what she said and has spread the video online, which seriously influence the tourism image of Hong Kong (Sina, 2010). The cause of this case is the introduction of zero-fee tour. Zero-fee tour was introduced during 2003 the SARS period in Hong Kong. It is tour which charges tourists less than the basic cost of airline tickets, accommodation and attraction tickets. As this kind of tour is charged under-cost, the travel agencies can only earn a profit by receiving commission and tipping from shops (Lu, 2006). According to Wong (2010), we can examine the business ethical problems in two ways. In the view of the travel agency, that is the enterprise, they have to transfer the costs to the service providers in order to save costs of the company as the tour is charged under-cost. The travel agencies therefore do not give basic salaries to the tour guides, and force them to push shopping in order to earn commissions from different shops. Also, some of the travel agencies may require the tour guides to pay in some cost component in advance and delay the repayment to the guides. In the view of tour guides, they don’t receive any salaries in zero-fee tours. They will earn nothing if the tourists do not shop therefore they tend to force or even threaten tourists to buy in order to earn shopping commissions and tipping. This damages the tourism image of Hong Kong seriously. Using utilitarian approach, the business action should be base on ethical action that can maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people. According to Velasquez, Andre, Shanks and Meyer (2010), to use utilitarian approach we should first determine the course of the business action and then find the benefits and harms of taking the action for all stakeholders. In this case, only Win’s Travel Agency gains benefit. The tour guide has no salary in serving a zero-fee zero, she did not earn much benefit and had to force the tourists to shop. The business action harmed the tourists, as they were treated badly by the tour guide and are forced to shop. The tourists also had to buy things in unreasonable price as the shops marked up the price of their products in order to pay for the shopping commissions. Also, the action harmed the image of Hong Kong tourism. The action is not ethical as the courses of it cannot maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people. By using moral right approach, we should first indicate what rights are involved in a specific case, and then see if the business action conflicts with the rights (Hamilton, 2009). In this case, the tourists had the right of freedom; they can refuse to shop if they do not want to. The tour guide’s action was unethical as she threatened the tourists and forced them to shop in order to fulfill the shopping amount. Also, the tour guide’s action conflict the tourists’ right to life and safety as she threatened them that they would not be provided a place for accommodation. We should know the distribution first when using justice approach. We have to know who gain benefits and who suffer from losses, and then see if the distribution of the business action is fair (Hamilton, 2009). According to this case, Win’s Travel Agency gained benefits as it have saved costs and the tour guide suffered from losses as she did not earn any salary. It is unethical that the enterprise did not provide the tour guide with basic salary. The tour guide really provided service for the company, and it was not fair for her to receive no pay while other guides not serving zero-fee tour received salaries. Also, it is unfair that those tourists who bought few products were treated badly as all tourists joined the same tour and they had not required to shop when they joined the tour. Now, I would examine why Win’s Travel Agency made the decision to provide this kind of tour according to the five aspects mentioned. Firstly, the enterprise mainly focused on profit. Providing this kind of tour, the enterprise need not to pay salaries to the tour guides and it can receive a great deal of commission from shops as most tourists from mainland spend a lot in shopping. Also providing zero-fee tour attracts a great deal of people from mainland to visit Hong Kong, the volume of sales of the enterprise would therefore increase (TICHK, 2009). The enterprise considered less in fairness and reputation. It did not pay the tour guide any salary except the shopping commission although the tour guide deserved to get salary after providing service. It is unfair that the enterprise did this action. As the tour guide was not paid, she treated the tourists badly, this not only damaged the reputation of the enterprise but also that of Hong Kong tourism. In sustainability, the enterprise can use division labors and resources to save costs. However, it communicated to the stakeholders unsatisfactorily as it did not know what the tour guide and the tourists needed. Also, it cannot gain others’ loyalty in order to be sustainable. Finally, in community care, the enterprise did less beyond its legal and economic obligations. Other than increased the sales figure in the tourism industry, it did less that benefited the society. Win’s Travel Agency therefore made decision mainly based on profit rather than business ethics. In conclusion, different businesses would make decisions base on different aspects. They should use the utilitarian approach, moral right approach and justice approach to address ethical issues before evaluating a decision base on the five elements. According to the case above, purely base on making profit practically does not really bring much benefit to an enterprise. Enterprises should therefore strike a balance between practically making profit and the business ethics. It is very important for enterprise to consider ethical issues before making decisions as it is unavoidable. Reference Andre . C, Velasquez . M, Moberg . D, Meyer . M. J, Shanks . T (2010), Calculating Consequences:The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics Andre . C, Velasquez . M, Moberg . D, Meyer . M. J, Shanks . T, McLean . M. R, DeCosse . D, Hanson . K. O (2009), A Framework for Thinking Ethically Besser T. L (2002), The Conscience of Capitalism: Business Social Responsibility to Communities Bothamley . J (1993), â€Å"Dictionary of Theories,† London:Gale Research International Browne . M. N, Meyer . A. G . , Williamson. C (2003), Practical Business Ethics for the Busy Manager Burkhardt . R (2008), Reputation Management in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Cadbury . A (2002), Case Histories in Business Ethics, Conroy . M (2010), An ethical approach to leading change : an alternative and sustainable application Geer . H. D. (1994), Business Ethics in Progress Hamilton J,B (2009), How to Use the Justice Test Hamilton J,B (2009), How to Use the Rights Test TICHK (2009), Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong Lu . J (2006), ‘Zero-fee’ practice damages travel industry Sina (2010), News on Sina. com Williams . W. E (2010), Profit versus Nonprofit Wong . W (2010), Chairman of Hong Kong Association of Registered Tour Co-ordinators, News Yuter R. J (2008), A Fair and Balanced Approach to Social Justice How to cite Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision?, Essay examples

The Short Summary of the Film Alexander the Great Essay Example

The Short Summary of the Film Alexander the Great Essay The Short Summary of the Film Alexander the Great is about a man called Alexander, king of Macedonia. The story tells us how Alexander conquers Asia, Egypt, part of India and how he becomes the legend â€Å"Alexander the Great†. The chosen leaders for this movie are Alexander and his father Phillip. Alexander is a man with enormous dreams since his childhood and he has been called â€Å"The son of the god†. He knows and believes from the very beginning that he will create a history and become an important person for his people. Alexander is an effective and good leader in one way, but on the other hand sometimes he seems to be an ineffective leader who only searches for power and self fulfilment. ALEXANDER -Alexander’s Ability and Traits Alexander has traits to be an effective leader in wars. He born as a leader and knows how to get the soldiers to follow him and trust him. He takes an interpersonal role where he acts as a leader of his men and the population of the land that he conquers. Alexander is a good planner and organiser, he know his goal and have a strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Summary of the Film Alexander the Great specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Summary of the Film Alexander the Great specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Summary of the Film Alexander the Great specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He has also great ambition to do the best for himself and his people. Alexander wants to be seen as a hero, he love to manage and conquer. He is a good negotiator, as you can see in the movie for example when he and his father conquer Greece. The traits and behaviour that Alexander has is associated with derailment is that sometimes he shows very high self-esteem and He thinks that he can manage everything because of his very individualistic nature. Also he trust anyone and anything but himself. However, he needs to learn that sometimes he also needs to listen to his people and his followers to make decisions. Furthermore, another negative trait of Alexander is that he is very much impatient since he is so much fascinated by his ambitions that he couldn’t analyze the facts. -Alexander’s Leadership Behaviours Alexander uses different leader behaviours depending on the followers. For the soldiers, he tries to motivate and recognize them and to create a culture with values and norms. He also clarifies goals and objectives for the soldiers, so everyone knows what they need to do. Alexander is also a good team builder, to be a good soldier you need to work together as a team and he displays this must behaviour. Alexander’s In-groups and Out-groups Alexander has some in and out group member in one point of view. The in-group members are: His mother, his nearest friends such as such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander and his tutor, Aristotle. The out group members are the other soldiers from the places he conquered. However you can also take the point of view that Alexand er tried to create a positive relationship with all of the followers and create system and network through the world, as a head leader. Soldiers need to work as a network and that’s why he needs to have positive relationships among all of the followers so they trust him. Alexander’s Leadership Styles Alexander is task oriented and uses an autocratic leadership style. On the other hand, when he has time, he used consultation with his nearest friends, mother and his tutor, Aristotle. If we look from the perspective from Ohio State University he would be a directive/autocratic leader. Alexander also use delegation the daily business to the kings of the conquer land. In our point of view he thinks that he uses the appropriate decision style but he could use more consultants and listen to the followers rather then being very task-oriented leader. -Alexander’s Sources of Power Alexander has different sources of power. He has legitimate power because of his position king of Macedonia, reward and coercive power that he can reward or punish the soldiers depending on their behaviours and ecological power because he can decide how the organization for the soldiers and the organization should look like. He has also referent power that he has charisma and the soldiers have high loyalty. -Alexander’s Influence Tactics Alexander use different influence tactics to influence his people, legitimate power, rational persuasion, exchange tactic, personal appeals, inspirational appeal, and pressure tactic. Alexander is also a charismatic leader; he has the charisma both from his personality, vision and the situation. And his vision is to conquer the whole world and being the strongest. PHILIP Even though Alexander is the leading character in the movie, King Philip plays a very important role as well. Philip is a good leader in his younger ages in terms of expanding the borders of the country and giving importance to science, art, philosophy†¦etc. Additionally, he seems to be liked and respected by his public. However, in the film we come across with his old ages, accordingly a decline of his success. Therefore, he is facing problems related not only with divided Greece but also his health problems. -Philip’s Ability and Traits Dominance, self confidence, intelligence and internal locus of control are four personality traits for Phillip. In terms of dominance criterion, we clearly see that Philip likes to take charge of things and leading people, and he actually succeeds on this aim. He rules a broad country and commands the army. He is also highly self confident. Even if he is really sick, he believes he can go to the wars alone without taking Alexander with him. His self confidence may come from his intelligence, since he knows that he has enough capability of achieving his goals and he believes he is superior to his rivals such as the kings of other nations or commanders of other armies. Most importantly he has clear internal locus of control. He wants all control in his hands. He even believes he should rule the whole world. Accompanied with his effective behaviors, Philip has also some traits which results in derailment. Here are some of them: We can say that Philip is somewhat neurotic. This low emotional stability may occur because of his age or the complex situations he is facing with. He is also defensive, meaning he resists change. Another negative aspect of his behaviors is that he is not good at delegation. The monarchic nature of his power may prevent him to share responsibility with others. He is also very self- centered and he does not want to share the success with others. -Philip’s Leadership Behaviours Basically, the behaviors that Philip employs: Planning/Organizing, Motivating, Consulting, Rewarding. As a king, planning and organizing tasks are inevitable for him; and we see it from the movie in the scenes that he tries to develop strategies for his troubled country. He believes that his country should rule the world and he motivates his followers in that way. He also applies rewarding. He organizes meetings and declares the successes of soldiers who return from wars. He has some advisors around him and the famous philosopher Aristotle. He consults them and gains insights about situations around him. -Philip’s In-groups and Out-groups We identified two characters as examples of in-group members. They are Philip’s close friends/advisors and his girl friend. They clearly more influence on Philip. On the other hand, his wife Olympia seems to be an out-group member. Philip wants to send her away since he is in love with Eurydice. He is also suspicious about her loyalty. He claims she creates gossips about him saying he has gone mad. And the queen is not happy about these conditions and she feels disappointment that Philip leaves her. -Philip’s Leadership Style Phillip uses basically two different decision making style in the movie. The most used one is autocratic decision making. As being the leader of the public and the palace Phillip makes decision alone without asking Alexander, the Queen, the soldiers and his friends. On his own Phillip investigates the conquests, wars, and the future of Macedonia and decides what should be done. After that he tells people what he decided and what would they do. -Philip’s Sources of Power Firstly, he has position power. He has legitimate power because he is the king and the leader of the public and the palace. Since Phillip can reward people for appropriate behavior and punish them for noncompliance he has both reward and coercive power. He has great information power because he has control over access and distribution of the information. He control over the physical environment and organization of the work so he has ecological power. Secondly, he has personal power: Due to his specialized knowledge and skills he has great expert power. -Philip’s Influence Tactics Phillip use legitimating tactics, inspirational appeal by arousing emotions, consultation -He only consults with his consultant in the palace. He never asks something to the public-, and pressure tactics including coercion, intimidation, and push behavior to influence the soldiers, the public, and the palace. Phillip is also a charismatic leader; his charisma emerges depend on different sources such as his personality, leadership skills, followership, and the situation. Because of his charisma he has great impact on people especially on the soldiers. Followers’ Characteristics As we watched the movie again and again, we discovered unimaginable leadership characteristics of Alexander the great at each time; however, finally we understood that only good followers can make a great leader. The question in this point is â€Å"who is a good follower? A good follower is one who understands, supports, and works for the leader’s vision and challenges the leader’s decisions that are misguided or unethical. By taking this definition as the base we determine several followers that made Alexander one of the greatest leaders ever seen. These are Macedonian great generals such as Hephaestion, Permenion, Coenus, Antigonus, Polyperchon, Crateros, Perdiccas, Attalus, Philotas, Cleitus , Pausanius, and Leonnatus. Among these Permenion and Hephaestion were the most valuable and the closest, respectively, to Alexander the great. Hephaestion grows up with Alexander and share his entire secret. Besides being a soldier, engineer and diplomat, he corresponds with the philosophers and actively supports Alexander in his attempts to integrate Greeks and Persians. Permenion, one of the most experienced warriors, is the main general in command of the army. Alexander does not make any decision without him. During the battles he can create innovative strategies and always is seem to be unbeatable. In the Gaugamela battle, while Alexander commands the right part of the army, Permenion fights in the left of the army and solely commands the entire left part. Alexander is great with these followers, without them he is just a person who has high passion to win, to create a unique empire in Europe and Asia. When Macedonians are in India, Alexander speaks to his army and tried to persuade them to march further into India but Coenus makes him to change his opinion and return. The main reason of this return is the unwillingness of the generals. However, we never forget that without a leader followers cannot succeed. Just after the Alexander death the whole empire is divided into four parts by the followers.